Unit 5 Foundation – Gymnastics & Swimming

Chapter 18 – Indigenous Martial Arts and Sport

• It combines body movements, breathing techniques and weapon skills.
• Weapons include sword, spear and dagger.
• It develops physical control through soft movements and breathing rhythms.
• It includes breathing methods, meditation and traditions.
• Another name is Huyen Lallong, meaning method of safe-defence.
• It can be practised alone or with a partner.
• Sword drills develop fundamental strokes and footwork.

• Sixth Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji initiated this art in the 16th century.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji developed it further in the 17th century.
• Gatka is a defensive weapon technique.
• It is now recognised as a sport.
• It is a combative sport between two or more players.
• RASMI: symbolic and traditional form.
• KHEL: competitive sporting form.
• The World Gatka Federation formulates international rules.

• Kalaripayattu has deep roots in the social and cultural life of Keralam.
• It has existed for about 3,000 years according to references cited in the Vedas.
• Its movements and stances are inspired by animals such as boar, lion, raptors and elephants.
• It was also developed to counter wildlife.
• The British banned its practice, but dedicated masters preserved it secretly.
• It was revived after independence.
• It develops balance, flexibility, speed, agility, coordination and discipline.
• It helps reduce stress, anxiety and tension.

• It originated in ancient India.
• It was part of Gurukul physical training.
• It links yoga, martial arts and wrestling.
• It developed agility, endurance, coordination and mental control.
• It is mentioned in Manasollasa and Vyayam Dipika.
• Bajirao Peshwa II revived it through Balambhat Dada Deodhar.
• R. V. Bhogle, K. B. Boksekar and Pt. Babasaheb Natu helped popularise it.
• Today it is a competitive and artistic sport for men and women.
• It uses wooden poles, ropes and hanging apparatus.

Chapter 19 – Combat Sports

• Judo was included in the Tokyo Olympic Games in 1964.
• Professor Jigoro Kano started the first Judo school in 1882 at Eishoji Buddhist Temple in Tokyo.
• Players progress through ranks represented by belt colours.
• Judo uses weight categories for equality and to reduce injuries.

• Greco-Roman wrestling entered the Olympics at Athens in 1896.
• Freestyle wrestling entered the Olympics at St. Louis in 1904.
• Women’s freestyle wrestling was introduced at Athens in 2004.
• Indian traditional wrestling is called Pehlwani or Kushti.
• It is traditionally performed in a clay or mud pit called an Akhada.

• It develops both body and mind.
• It teaches controlled use of fists and feet.
• Self-control and peace are preferred over violence.
• Its roots include Subak and Taekkyon in Korea.
• It evolved through Sunbae and Hwarangdo traditions.
• It developed during the 1940s and 1950s in Korea.
• The World Taekwondo Federation was established in 1973 and later renamed World Taekwondo.

• Modern boxing developed in England.
• The Marquess of Queensberry Rules were established in 1867.
• These rules introduced gloves and rounds.
• Two opponents compete in a ring.
• The aim is to land punches while avoiding the opponent’s attacks.

Chapter 20 – Outdoor Sports

• First hockey club in Kolkata – 1885.
• Hockey Association – 1886.
• First international tournament – 1895.
• International Rules Board – 1900.
• International Hockey Federation was founded on 7 January 1924 in Paris.
• India won Olympic hockey gold from 1928–1956 and again in 1964 and 1980.
• Artificial turf was first used at the 1976 Montreal Olympics.

• The game is played on a rectangular court with a basket at each end.
• Players can move freely and occupy different positions.
• All players have an opportunity to score.
• Basketball was invented by Dr. James Naismith in 1891.
• The first 13 rules were fixed by Naismith in 1894.
• YMCA Kolkata introduced basketball in India.
• YMCA Madras, established in 1920, helped its development.
• Basketball Federation of India was established in 1950.
• The first National Basketball Tournament was held in Delhi in 1934.

• The batting team tries to score runs and defend its wicket.
• The bowling and fielding team tries to dismiss batters and restrict runs.
• A run can be scored by hitting the ball and running to the opposite end.
• The teams change between batting and fielding at the end of an innings.
• The first ODI was played in 1971.
• The first limited-overs Cricket World Cup was held in 1975.
• Twenty20 and IPL became important forms of cricket in the 21st century.
• Cricket was brought to India by the British.
• An England team toured India in 1902–03.
• An All-India team toured England in 1911 under Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala.
• India played its first official Test against England in 1932.
• Ranji Trophy is named after Prince Ranjit Singh of Nawanagar.

• The Ramayana and Mahabharata describe Indian archers and archery.
• Archery appeared in the Olympics in 1900, 1904, 1908 and 1920.
• After an absence of 52 years, it returned in 1972 and continues today.
• The World Archery Federation (WA) was originally known as FITA.
• WA includes 156 national federations and other archery bodies.

• The first game scored 80 runs.
• The first rulebook was issued in 1889.
• Lewis Rober Sr. moved the game outdoors in 1895.
• It was first called “kitten league ball” and later “kitten ball”.
• In 1922 it was called “diamond ball”.
• The term “softball” was used in 1926 by Walter Hakanson.
• The first national amateur softball tournament was held in 1933.
• The first meeting of the International Softball Federation was held in 1952.
• The first Women’s World Championship was held in 1965 in Australia.
• The first Men’s World Championship was held in Mexico in 1966.

• Singles is played by two players.
• Doubles is played by four players.
• The court is rectangular and divided by a net.
• The ball is hit over the net into the opponent’s court.
• The ball normally bounces once or may be volleyed.
• Players use strung rackets.
• Common shots include groundstrokes, volleys and overheads.
• Traditional lawn tennis is played on grass; modern tennis also uses clay and hard courts.